Compared to a zoom lens, a prime lens of commensurate quality is generally cheaper, faster (allows more light to pass) and produces less distortion. Optical viewfinder – In a DSLR camera, it's the combination of a movable mirror and a pentaprism or additional series of mirrors that allows the photographer to see through the main lens in order to view and frame the subject. Students are introduced to the vocabulary of film as they go through the process of creating a short original film. Medium Shot An interior of a car where a couple are having an argument. Their sensors are small (starting at 1/2.7-inch (5.37 x 4.04 mm)). Cinematography Glossary Crane Shot. This can be also true for the displays you use for post-processing. Most digital cameras and video recorders save the images or clips onto the SD (secure data) card. Reflected reads light bouncing off the subject. It also holds non-destructive editing information. A standard lens has a focal length approximately equal to the diagonal of the image (the negative). Moiré occurs when a scene or an object contains repetitive details, such as lines, that exceed the sensor resolution. Follow us @tomsguide, on Facebook and on Google+. Macro lens – A lens specifically designed to shoot close-ups (4 inches or nearer) with little or no distortion. PUSH IN – The opposite of a pull back; a shot in which the camera moves towards or zooms into an object. They can be from card or foam board, and not necessarily studio-grade. Contrast detection AF is found in most point-and-shoot, cellphone, bridge and mirrorless cameras, as well as in video cameras. APS-C image sensors are used in most consumer-level DSLRs and in many mirrorless cameras. It can be upwards of five times bigger than a Jpeg image. It’s an iris mechanism, which controls the amount of light that gets through the lens. These have a focal length of at least (equivalent) 200mm and a field of view from 8° to 1°. 1. It’s an iris mechanism, which controls the amount of light that gets through the lens. Camera processors are getting continually better at removing noise from images, but they sometimes smear out fine detail as well. This can be built into the camera or can sit on the camera via the hot shoe, or you can use it on a stand. Noise reduction also removes some detail, however. Motion blur blur occurs when the object is moving faster than your shutter speed can handle. RAW – A file format, usually proprietary to each camera manufacturer, that stores all the captured image data without compression. Ambient light is also referred to as available light or natural light. Try our Macro Magic course to become an expert in macro photography! CCD sensors were once the most common in digital cameras, but the affordability and higher quality of CMOS image sensors for still photography has allowed them to mostly replace CCD sensors. Face recognition – Many cameras have the ability to recognize a person's face (or multiple faces) when you're shooting a portrait, group shot or other scene, and set those as the points for optimal focus and exposure. Bit depth – The level of gradation used to define a shade of dark or light. Ideally, it should display as a bell curve, with most of the scene falling in a middle level of brightness. Bracketing involves taking several shots of the same scene, using different camera settings. They give a crop factor of 1.3x, meaning your 50mm lens is effectively a 65mm. It doesn’t mean that you won’t have to use a tripod anymore, but it definitely extends your possibilities. This is a problem for interchangeable-lens cameras, whose internals are exposed to the air during lens swapping. Phase-detection autofocus – A commonly used autofocus technology that measures where beams of light from different parts of the lens land on a series of sensors. This abbreviation means Mirrorless Interchangeable Lens Camera. This way, the photographer can calculate the subject’s actual distance from the camera. It is generally used to make two or more objects appear closer or farther away. Dots Per Inch is used for measuring the resolution of an image. This is where all of the image’s information is found, such as aperture, f-stop, and ISO. A lens hood blocks light coming from the sides from causing unwanted reflections and flares. This reduces spherical and other aberrations. The dynamic range means the range of light intensities from the largest and smallest values in an image. Barrel Distortion (standard lens close-up photography); Pincushion Distortion (low-end telephoto lens); and Mustache Distortion (wide end of zoom lens). Many DSLRS and mirrorless cameras have a self-cleaning mechanism that vibrates the image sensor to shake off dust. The shutter allows light to pass through the camera and hit the sensor for a determined period of time. The camera points straight ahead at about the same level as the subject’s face. You can set the aperture as desired, shutter speed (and ISO, if set to auto) changes automatically. Basically, it means that you can’t change the focal length of a prime lens. Highlights (whites) are represented on the right side. Large format cameras shoot on sheet film which can range from 4×5″ (10.16cm x 12.7cm) to 8×10″ (20.32 cm x 25.4cm). A remote flash trigger connects the camera and the flash unit when the flash unit is off-camera. Micro 4/3 – This is an implementation of the 4/3 sensor format (originally used in DSLRs) for mirrorless cameras. DoF is controlled by using the lens’ aperture. The top of a building will fall away, as it is farthest away from the film plane or sensor. The sensor records what your lens sees and then a small electronic display is used to show in the small viewfinder window the picture. Noise – A mottled or grainy appearance in images caused by electrical fluctuations on the image sensor. They are often called digital negatives. A lens hood can also play a protective role. In general, each camera maker has its own lens-mount style, though micro 4/3 mounts are the same, allowing those cameras to share lenses. It shows the field of view. This unit provides instruction on key aspects of digital video filmmaking: plotting, script, storyboarding, camera work (shots, angles), and editing (transitions, title, credits, visual effects, sound effects, etc. These are neither completely black or white. A super-telephoto lens has an even larger focal length than a standard telephoto lens. Electricity can be changed at every point, this way the amount of light can be ruled. They come in x1, x2 and x3 options. 101 Photography Terms You NEED to Know Lenses. There are three different types of basic camera shots which include: the close-up, medium shot, and the long shot. A point-and-shoot camera is also known as a compact camera. Noise becomes more pronounced as the camera's ISO (light sensitivity) is raised, causing decreased detail and distorted colors. It’s usually a slider, going from -3 to +3, and will make your image darker or lighter. Daniel Grotta has been covering digital photography since its infancy. This often means a loss of detail and contrast, but the image is mostly light. As the number decreases, the aperture physically gets wider. The most neutral camera angle is the eye level shot. There are 50 terms at the moment, but this is an ongoing glossary, and we will be adding more words over time. Compared to the compressed JPEG, the RAW file contains significantly more data, such as greater bit depth, and can be useful for "rescuing" shots that may have color issues or incorrect exposure. Tracking shot/travelling shot/dollying shot Terms used for a shotwhen the camera is being moved by means of wheels: on a dolly (a low tracking shot) in … Optical image stabilization (IS or OIS) – This technology helps counteract the jittery motion caused by handholding a camera, which can result in blurred images at low shutter speeds (roughly below 1/60 second). Double click anywhere, drag files in, paste from clipboard, or click here to post. It looks at where your focus is placed, and evaluates the light only in that area, ignoring everything else. A 1-stop ND filter will let only 50% of the light in, which means that you can set your camera for a 1 f-stop higher values. Sensor cleaning – All image sensors hold an electrical charge, which attracts dust and, in turn, hurts image quality. This is a full lesson PP on the use of camera angles and it has a handy worksheet attached to it too. Large apertures of f1.4, f2.0 or f2.8 produce limited depth of field, whereas smaller ones such as f11, f16 or f22 are used for greater depth of field. Such lenses have a built-in gyroscope and moving lens element(s). As we took away the mirror from modern camera systems, we also lost a real view through the lens. The higher the number, the smaller the aperture. With that in mind, on to the list! For this reason, photographers often describe shutter speeds in f-stops as well. Shutter – Traditionally, this is a mechanical curtain that opens and closes to expose the image sensor. It’s a neat effect … The shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time the film plane or digital sensor is exposed to light. It is the aesthetic quality of the blur produced in the out-of-focus parts of an image. Depth of field – The part of an image, from foreground to background, that is in focus. A charge-coupled device is a semiconductor device. A Single-Lens Reflex is a camera with one lens, used for focusing, viewing and capturing. Full frame sensors have a size of 36x24mm. Sweetening This type of lens is designed specifically for closeup images. Understanding the histogram is important because the LCD on your camera doesn’t accurately shows what the image looks like. Incident measures the light falling on a scene by using a lens covered with a white dome. Aerial Shot. This method is generally faster than contrast detection. Lens flare is where light is scattered or flared in a lens, due to bright light. An aperture of f/32 (also rare) makes essentially everything in a sweeping landscape sharp.Between those extremes are aperture values that produce varying depth of field. You might even wish for a Photography to English dictionary. These are analog cameras, and they use film. Your camera usually displays it as a whole number, like ‘400’. They are also used for long exposures in the daytime. Electronic viewfinders (EVFs) also allow a photographer to monitor video being shot. A square image used on Instagram has an aspect ratio of 1:1. The term generally refers to more advanced devices, MILCs. Low-key lighting is achieved by using a lot of darker tones, shadows and blacks in a photographed scene. They are common in high-end wide-angle and standard lenses. A good IS system can allow the user to decrease the shutter speed by a factor of three (aka three stops) and still get a crisp image. For more information, see our Full Frame vs Crop Sensor article. When an image comes out blurry, we hit the delete…, Photography Definitions for Extra Equipment, Photography Terms Used in Printing and Editing, See all articles in Photography Cheat Sheets. Photography – the word photography comes from two old Greek words “phos” meaning light and “graph” meaning to draw. As we looked at above, you have the choice of two different lenses. full shot. This results in a blurred effect on the moving subject. Lightest areas within an image which still contain details. Mirrorless camera – An advanced type of digital camera with an interchangeable lens system that eschews the mirror viewfinder system found in DSLRs in order to be smaller and lighter. Thank you for signing up to Tom's Guide. ). This allows photographers to see through their viewfinder and see exactly what they are going to capture. Editing: The selecting and assembling of shots when creating a film. Daylight is around 5500 Kelvin, whereas fluorescent lighting is closer to 4000 Kelvin. RGB is used on screens as it operates with the colours of the light. A short focal length, such as 24mm, captures wide angle; a long focal length, such as 100mm, is telephoto. This is also referred to as editing, the preferred term, and includes the decisions, controls, sensibilities, vision and integrative capabilities of the individual editing (cutting) artist. The relative size of the aperture is described by the f-number. This works using infra-red signals or a wire. Digital video cameras (one camera per group of 3–5 students) capable of communicating with iMovie or Windows Movie Maker (some mini DV cameras will not upload files into these programs) Sometimes it’s better to choose a cheaper camera and a more expensive lens, than an expensive camera with a cheap lens. The most common kind of auto-bracketing is exposure bracketing, but ISO, white balance, flash and focus can also be bracketed in many cameras. So you don’t always have to rely on your vision, because this kind of data representation can help you too. When you don’t want to look at the whole scene for correct exposure, centre-weighted metering evaluates the light in the middle of the frame. White balance – To the human eye, white is white, whether it's being illuminated by the sun, a cloudy sky, a fluorescent tube or a tungsten light bulb. It’s flexible, allowing for a ton of different compression rates and algorithms, bit depths, and other variations. The white balance is a camera setting that gives you the correct color in your image. The f-number (or f-stop) is the ratio of the diameter of the hole of the aperture and the focal length. This is part of the viewfinder system. This number is magnified when using a cropped sensor. Film Terms Glossary : Cinematic Terms : Definition and Explanation: Example (if applicable) abby singer (shot) a nickname for the second-to-last production shot of the day; the name was attributed to famed American production manager and assistant film director Abby Singer between the 1950s-1980s; the last shot of the day is known as the martini shot A zoom and a prime lens. They are also more expensive. The camera collects data from the sensor for a specified amount of time, corresponding to how long a mechanical shutter would expose the sensor. Darkest areas within an image that still contain details. DSLRs use an optical viewfinder which allows photographers to see exactly what the lens sees. Tom's Guide is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. New York, article. Each card can typically hold between 1GB and 64GB of data, or anywhere from 25 to 1,500 images or 5 minutes to an hour of video. An image that measures 5184×3456 pixels is equal to 17.9 MP. Also known as Parallax Error. A reflector is a piece of equipment, bouncing the light back into the scene without using an extra light. ISO values generally start around 100 and often go to 25,600 or higher on newer DSLRs and mirrorless cameras. NY 10036. This is only for calculation. The ratio of the lens's focal length to the diameter of the opening is the f-number, or f-stop. This helps eliminates problems that arise from refocusing an already focused subject. A rangefinder camera has a built-in rangefinder feature. Once the buffer is full, the camera will reduce the FPS to give it enough time to free space. This continuous shooting mode captures a number of photos in a fast sequence. Each full f-stop represents a doubling or halving of light. PULL BACK – A shot where the camera physical moves away or zooms out from the subject to reveal the full context of the scene. This measures the distance from the camera to a particular object. (This isn’t a term that is particularly important for an editor to know.) EV is used as a relative measurement, too. In order to take breath-taking photos of the surface of the moon, use an f/11 aperture and shutter speed the same as the ISO. Light meters are built into cameras. You can actually use camera direction to evoke mood and emotion, so it’s in your interest to become familiar with the information on camera angles in […] This is a focusing mechanism, which can result in perfectly sharp images. Even most sophisticated, semi-pro and professional cameras have an Auto function that's essentially a P&S mode. The image is dark, and often with a loss of detail and contrast. Aperture priority – A mode (abbreviated AV) available on nearly all advanced and some point-and-shoot digital cameras that allows the user to set a specified aperture value (in f-stops). It looks at the scene you are photographing and separates it into different zones. Burst rate is the number of consecutive shots a camera can take in continuous shooting mode. Burst mode is also known as continuous shooting mode. Metadata tells you the author, the creation date, the camera device, and many more of a digital photograph. This auto-focus method is a hybrid of the two previous modes. It is not always a problem. Noise is not always visible in small versions of photos used for online posting but can become obvious in large prints or cropped photos. The effect is possible to be created with Photoshop as well, albeit less precisely. They have an angle of view from 100° to 180°. Exposure Compensation allows you to alter the exposure from the value you select. A prime lens is a fixed lens unable to zoom in or out, forcing you to zoom with your feet. You can also select your interests for free access to our premium training: Some photography terms can make you scratch your head. Most point-and-shoot cameras capture 10-bit or 12-bit images, while better DSLRs and mirrorless cameras capture at 12-bit or 14-bit. Red, green, and blue lights are, in different ways, mixed together to create a wide range of colors. The latter is often used to create a ‘miniature effect’, where the scene looks tiny. HD video – Most new digital cameras are capable of recording high-definition video, at a resolution of at least 1280 x 720 pixels (720p). These come down to the symmetry of a camera lens. Shot Reverse Shot. To speed up operations, as well as save storage space, JPEG images are compressed; the degree of compression determines the quality of the image. A higher resolution helps with cropping and larger printing. Some astronomy time-exposure shots can take hours. All Rights Reserved. You can ‘bring’ faraway objects closer with these lenses. The user can set the shutter speed as desired, and aperture changes automatically. Spherical aberration means that your lens won’t draw a sharp image in the whole frame. Fear not, because we've defined the most important words, phrases, commands and options you'll need to know when shopping for and learning to operate your new DSLR, mirrorless, smartphone or other camera. Some modern cameras have the capacity to utilize a maximum ISO of up to 3,280,000 (although bringing along poor image quality). Today, ISO refers to the sensitivity of a camera's image sensor. While high-end DSLRs and mirrorless cameras may feature both types of shutters, many point-and-shoots and lower-end cameras use an electronic shutter exclusively. However, you have to be aware, that with this type of filter, more delicate details can get lost. This means that your 50mm lens is effectively an 80mm. CMYK is for substractive colour mixing. High-key photos usually give a clean and positive impression and feeling. Its electronic equivalent is the DSLR, or digital single-lens reflex camera. It results in a failure to focus and a colored halo around objects in the frame. BSI is usually found in smaller sensors, such as those in some Nikon and Samsung mirrorless cameras, Sony point-and-shoot cameras and various smartphones, such as newer Apple iPhone and Samsung Galaxy S models. They came from film photography and filmmaking. Although pet photo shoots are a lot of fun, they can…, A friend of mine was asking for advice on which lens she should buy the other day. However, the image will be distorted, like looking through a goldfish bowl. Aperture - In photography, an aperture is an adjustable opening in the lens that regulates how much light passes through. A neutral density filter (ND Filter) limits the amount of light that hits the film or sensor. A flat image has a bell-shaped histogram. Because the camera itself is moving, the result allows viewers to feel as if they are also moving across the scene. If the sun is shining over a snowy landscape, at f/22 a balanced exposure is achieved using a shutter speed that is the inverse of your ISO. If shooting for longer than a second, it’s displayed as 1″ (or longer). These are the terms you’ll find in your camera’s manual and in most beginner tutorials on how to use it. Shots are generally chosen by the director although the writer can use capital letters to suggest where the camera should be. Longer (slower) shutter speeds allow more light to reach the image sensor, which can be good for night shots but increases the chance of motion blur. A graduated neutral density filter is a neutral density filter, except that it’s graduated from the centre upwards. SOOC stands for Straight Out Of Camera, meaning an image that has received no editing or post-production. The OLPF blurs the image very slightly, to help break up the tendency of an oversharp image to produce false colors and moiré (herringbone-like patterns). An image or part of an image that doesn’t receive sufficient light for proper exposures. Moving objects will record as a partial or complete blur or streak, which helps convey motion or an expanse of time. You can find these in manufacturers’ entry-level and midrange cameras. This way you can keep your subject in the shadow and highlight some parts. Each doubling of the ISO value — for example, from 100 to 200, or 400 to 800 — denotes a doubling of light sensitivity. Close-up . Bokeh. Shutter priority – The setting on just about all advanced and even some P&S digital cameras that allows the user to adjust the shutter speeds for a desired effect (such as a fast speed to freeze action). A must-have if you’re shooting in bright daylight, or towards the sun. For example, when you are taking portraits, you won’t even notice that towards the edges, your image is getting soft. This might be a lot to take in, but you can browse through it anytime you want. Aperture controls depth of field - how much of the image, from foreground to background, appears sharp. Telephoto lens – A lens with a long focal length (greater than 50mm on a full-frame camera) that brings the subject or action closer than it appears to the naked eye. Backside illuminated sensor – Often abbreviated as BI or BSI, it's a type of image sensor designed to absorb more light in dim conditions. Tes Global Ltd is registered in England (Company No 02017289) with its registered office at 26 Red Lion Square London WC1R 4HQ. A Single-Lens Reflex is a camera with one lens, used for focusing, viewing and capturing. Depth of Field is the area in your image where the objects or subjects are sharply in focus. RAW files are usually processed outside the camera in editing software such as Photoshop. CMOS – Short for complementary metal oxide semiconductor, CMOS is now the most popular type of image sensor and can be found in everything from cellphones to pro DSLRs. Shutter speed directly influences motion blur. The goal is to let the viewer follow the action without manipulating their emotions. They are generally expensive. Resolution is measured in pixels and megapixels. Later this phrase became more famous for its photographic aspect as they referred to ISO as film sensitivity after the event. A type of light metering used to read reflected light in a concentrated area of any given scene. Camera makers have different names for the technology, such as IS for Canon, VR for Nikon and SR for Pentax. The Advanced Photo System type H is also an image sensor format, with a size between full-frame and APS-C. Truck shots are those in which the camera is attached to a device that moves smoothly along a horizontal track. It produces hard shadows and well-defined edges, contrast and texture. Crop factor – Originally, lenses on SLRs were designed to cover a full frame of 35mm film (1 x 1.5 inches), but most DSLR and mirrorless camera image sensors are smaller than a frame of 35mm film. It doesn’t look at where you focus, as it assumes you are concentrating on the centre of the image. Shorter (faster) shutter speeds can freeze fast action. An MFT sensor measures 18 × 13.5 mm, with an aspect ratio of 4:3 and a crop factor of 2x. Electronic viewfinder (EVF) – Unlike traditional DSLRs that use a mirror to reflect the image up to your eye, an electronic viewfinder is a tiny, high-definition LCD or OLED screen that provides a preview directly from the image sensor. A 200mm telephoto lens with the teleconverter x3 turns your lens into the equivalent of a 600mm lens. This allows you to define a different button for focusing, other than the shutter release. This determines the white balance, as our subjects will reflect the colour of the light they were in. It’s basically a light source that produces a flash of artificial light. Generally, lower f-numbers mean better low-light capacity. Normal lens – A lens that captures the same perspective as the human eye. The curve of a spherical lens is the same across its entire surface. A camera shot in which the cameraman follows a specific person or event in the action These lenses have a focal length of equivalent 70mm to 200mm and an angle of view between 30° and 10°. Many mirrorless cameras have only a rear screen for previewing photos, similar to a point-and-shoot or cellphone camera. Fringing is the photography term for a purple “ghost” image on a photograph, apparent near contrasting edges. It is found in some mirrorless and bridge cameras. This photography term means that you can no longer look through the lens optically when composing. This lowers the quality of the images. Thanks to the built-in image stabilisation, you can be more mobile. Extension tubes are used to further extend the zoomable area of lenses in macro photography. When using this mode, images are stored in a high-speed buffer memory before being transferred to the memory card. In photography, it’s used for measuring colour temperature. TIFF is useful for printing as it doesn’t lose data during post-processing. 'RealVideo.RealVideo(tm) ActiveX Control (32-bit)', A shot is basically from when you press record to when you stop recording. REVERSE SHOT – Also called reverse angle. Get instant access to breaking news, the hottest reviews, great deals and helpful tips. ... Bracketing – Setting a camera to automatically take two to six quick shots with a change in a single setting to increase the chance of getting a perfect shot… Tilt - Vertical movement of the camera angle, i.e. At slow shutter speeds, the shutter will stay open longer, resulting in more visible blurring. Most of the dominant APS-C sensors, for example, have a 1.5X crop factor. Tilt-shift lenses give you extensive perspective and focal control. Focal length does not describe the physical size of the lens itself, but rather refers to its magnification. CCD – Short for charged coupled device, a CCD is a sensor type that reads data in a way that avoids the stuttering or distorted look of fast motion in video that results on some cameras. Here is a glossary of terms that explains the features and functions of digital cameras including DSLRs, mirrorless cameras and phone cameras. A histogram skewed toward the light or dark side of the range can indicate if your picture will be too contrasty, dark, flat or overexposed. It’s a file extension for a lossy graphics file. The lower the number, the larger the aperture. This is best used with a remote shutter release. CCD cameras have to use the whole surface of their sensors. They sit between the camera body and the lens. A viewfinder is that part of the camera which you look in and see the image you are going to capture. Pan shots also work great for panoramic views such as a shot from a mountaintop to the valley below. Why: To follow a subject or show the distance between two objects. 'RealPlayer.RealPlayer(tm) ActiveX Control (32-bit)', Later on, you can adjust this white balance when editing your pictures. A histogram is a graphical representation of an image’s light levels. F-stop – A diaphragm inside the camera lens, known as the aperture, can be opened or nearly closed, to regulate the amount of light that falls on the image sensor. This happens when using a flash at night and in dim lighting. The size of a TIFF image can range anywhere from a few megabytes to multiple gigabytes. A cold shoe is a holding area for a flash or other device that doesn’t allow a connection between the camera and device. Easily the most common reason for poor focus and blurry images, Leaving your camera on its default settings will produce blurry results, Post processing won’t fix a blurry image from a slow shutter ​, Expert Photography © 2011-2020. It’s also called TTL metering or TTL flash metering. These zones are then analyzed separately for light and dark tones. They let the user determine which shutter speed, f-stop, and ISO to use. Preview OVERVIEW. High dynamic range – Most digital camera image sensors cannot capture the full range of brightness (i.e., from shadow to highlights by midday sun) that the human eye can. A "normal" focal length (50mm on a full-frame or film camera) roughly approximates how far away things appear to the naked eye. More light passes and the depth of field gets shallower. On a camera with an APS-C image sensor, a normal lens is about 35mm, and on a camera with a 4/3 sensor, it's about 25mm. Also if you wish to know more of these terms, we recommend our other, deeper articles. CMYK refers to the four inks used in colour printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black). Extreme close-up shot: Only a part or specific feature of the character is captured on and fills the screen.Often, this is an actor’s eyes or mouth. Vignetting refers to a ‘light fall-off’ and means the darkening of image corners, compared to the centre. There was a problem. As a screenwriter, you compose the blueprint everyone involved in a movie uses: the actors for dialogue, the director for composing scenes, and the camera operators for camera shots.

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